China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Clinical Nutrition Health BranchChinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral NutritionChinese Nutrition Society Branch of Clinical NutritionChinese Medical Doctor Association Nutritionist Professional Committee
陈伟,中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院临床营养科,北京 100730,Email:chenw@pumch.cn江华,四川省医学科学院 四川省人民医院 电子科技大学附属医院急诊医学与灾难医学研究所,成都 610072,Email:jianghua@uestc.edu.cn杨桦,重庆市人民医院普外科,重庆 400037,Email:hwbyang@126.com Chen Wei, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China, Email: chenw@pumch.cnJiang Hua, Institute for Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China, Email: jianghua@uestc.edu.cnYang Hua, Department of General Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400037, China, Email: hwbyang@126.com
国际实践指南注册与透明化平台(PREPARE-2024CN381)
Practice Guideline Registration for Transparency (PREPARE-2024CN381)
本共识参考世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)的WHO指南编写指南[1]和开发指南研究和评估工具(Appraisal of Guideline Research and Evaluation,AGREE)Ⅱ临床指南编写原则[2],使用证据推荐分级的评估、制定与评价(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE)工作组提出的推荐意见分级评估、制定和评价标准(GRADE标准)。本共识已在国际实践指南注册与透明化平台(http:www.guidelines-registry.org)注册。
2.文献等级评定标准:使用系统评价方法学质量评价(Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews,AMSTAR)工具[3]进行方法学质量评价;针对RCT使用Cochrane协作网RCT偏倚风险评价(Revised Cochrane Risk-of-bias Tool For Randomized Trials,RoB 2)工具[4]进行方法学质量评价;非RCT使用非随机干预性研究偏倚评估(Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions,ROBINS-I)工具[5]进行方法学质量评价。
应用PN时,单独补充电解质并不能满足患者全面营养及机体代谢的需求。因此,《中国成人患者肠外肠内营养临床应用指南(2023版)》[8]指出,PN治疗方案中应添加常规剂量的多种电解质制剂。美国肠外肠内营养学会(American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,ASPEN)在成人和儿童患者肠外和肠内营养应用指南中推荐使用维生素、矿物质包括电解质等各种微量营养素,而不推荐使用单一或不能满足生理需求的电解质制剂[9]。德国营养医学会(German Society for Nutritional Medicine,GEM)在肠外营养指南中指出,建议PN治疗的成人患者每日补充符合生理需要量的全部电解质[5]。此外,在添加电解质时,还应考虑与其他成分的相容性和制剂稳定性,以进行合理的配伍[10]。
RFS是一种由营养治疗引起的代谢失调,主要表现为血清电解质变化及多种临床症状(如外周水肿,心、肺功能衰竭等),多由代谢变化和体液失衡造成。任何连续数日营养摄入不足的患者,或因危重病或大手术而产生代谢异常的患者,均可能存在RFS风险。识别RFS风险因素是预防其发病的第一步[13, 14, 15]。2020年ASPEN发布RFS共识[16](表2),明确了RFS的风险评估标准及具体危险因素,并对2006年英国国家卫生及医疗优化研究院(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,NICE)提出的NICE标准[17]进行补充,具体评价标准如表2所示。ASPEN共识将成年人的RFS风险分为中度和重度,并指出目前暂无相关研究准确计算RFS的发病率。共识还审慎地强调,RFS的发病可能隐藏着尚未被完全揭示的其他潜在因素,这些未知因素同样对RFS风险的升高具有不可忽视的影响。深入探索这些未知因素,将为医疗专家和公众提供更加精准的风险评估指导,从而有助于更全面地理解和应对RFS的风险。因此,未来在RFS风险的防控工作中,仍需保持高度的警惕性和深入的探索精神,以期更全面地理解并掌握RFS风险的形成机制。脂肪和肌肉减少的特征与ASPEN针对中度和重度营养不良成人患者的成人营养不良特征一致[18]。然而,目前关于皮下脂肪流失、肌肉质量减少和相关并发症的评估标准仍存在争议,需要进一步的研究以证实,因此目前临床广泛使用的标准仍然为NICE标准。
重症患者的血清微量营养素水平下降,可能并不表明患者缺乏该营养素[21]。由于促炎性细胞因子释放,急性期反应可导致微量营养素的重新分配,可能是一种适应性反应[22, 23]。因此,电解质浓度应与炎症状态指标(如CRP等)共同监测,以进一步制定电解质补充方案。2022年欧洲临床营养和代谢学会(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)发布的微量营养素指南明确提出CRP应与微量营养素同时检测[24]。根据2019年ASPEN发布成人患者静脉注射微量营养素专家共识,建议重症患者在血清电解质水平<最低参考值的20%以上时即应考虑额外补充[25]。
肝硬化患者的营养不良和钙、镁、锌、铁等微量营养素缺乏的发生率均较高,导致患者预后较差和死亡率增加。2020年ESPEN发布肝病患者临床营养指南中提出,严重酒精性脂肪肝及肝硬化患者易发生微量营养素缺乏,并且明确推荐肝病患者在PN起始阶段每天应补充水溶性和脂溶性维生素及电解质和微量元素,以满足机体需求[77]。2016年Flannery等[78]提出的重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)中酒精代谢相关维生素和电解质缺乏管理的循证建议,推荐酒精性肝病患者应常规补充镁。
在对新生儿补磷时需注意,单纯补充磷酸盐会导致继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)增加,骨钙流失增加[87]。钙与PN有关的另一个重要考虑因素是其与磷酸盐的沉淀。大多数医院使用PN计算系统来计算钙磷曲线或产品,以确保不会发生沉淀。人工测定钙磷比的公式如下:钙(当量/L)×磷(mmom/L)≤300。在新生儿期,钙与磷的最佳比例应为1.3~1.7(mol/mol),以达到足够的骨矿化[88]。在《新生儿肠外营养指南》[83]中,推荐新生儿在接受PN期间的钙磷比为0.75~1.00。《欧洲儿科胃肠病学、肝病学和营养学学会(European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology and Nutrition,ESPGHAN)ESPEN/欧洲儿科放射学会(European Society of Paediatric Radiology,ESPR)/中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会(Chinese Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,CSPEN)儿科PN指南:钙、磷和镁》[86]建议早产儿在补充钙和磷时,生后第1周补充钙磷比例为0.8∶1~1∶1,逐渐调整为1.3∶1[89]。
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